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- 喜欢的运动
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发表于 2008-8-24 05:46 PM
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无意识的魅力
按照运动训练的内稳态理论，比赛只不过是常规训练的延续。优秀的运动员都强调用一颗平常心参加比赛。
按照运动训练的内稳态理论，超常训练已经奠定了竞技水平。常规训练将超常训练的有意识行为转化为无意识行为。排除任何主观努力，依靠常规训练形成的无意识能力就可以获得好成绩。Dijksterhuis等人（2006）的研究正好支持这个推论。任何有意识的行为反而抑制无意识能力（Jolij et al 2005），妨碍运动水平的发挥。
常规训练将超常训练的有意识行为转化为无意识行为是需要时间的。这也许是这次奥运会上我国职业运动员战胜欧美业余运动员获得胜利的关键。
参考文献
Dijksterhuis A, Bos MW, Nordgren LF, van Baaren RB. 2006. On making the right choice: the deliberation-without-attention effect. Science. 2006 Feb 17;311(5763):1005-7. Contrary to conventional wisdom, it is not always advantageous to engage in thorough conscious deliberation before choosing. On the basis of recent insights into the characteristics of conscious and unconscious thought, we tested the hypothesis that simple choices (such as between different towels or different sets of oven mitts) indeed produce better results after conscious thought, but that choices in complex matters (such as between different houses or different cars) should be left to unconscious thought. Named the "deliberation-without-attention" hypothesis, it was confirmed in four studies on consumer choice, both in the laboratory as well as among actual shoppers, that purchases of complex products were viewed more favorably when decisions had been made in the absence of attentive deliberation.http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/311/5763/1005 【Rey et al （2008）对此有疑问】
Jolij J, Lamme VA. 2005. Repression of unconscious information by conscious processing: evidence from affective blindsight induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jul 26;102(30):10747-51. Some patients with a lesion to the primary visual cortex (V1) show "blindsight": the remarkable ability to guess correctly about attributes of stimuli presented to the blind hemifield. Here, we show that blindsight can be induced in normal observers by using transcranial magnetic stimulation of the occipital cortex but exclusively for the affective content of unseen stimuli. Surprisingly, access to the affective content of stimuli disappears upon prolonged task training or when stimulus visibility increases, allegedly increasing the subjects' confidence in their overall performance. This finding suggests that availability of conscious information suppresses access to unconscious information, supporting the idea of consciousness as a repressant of unconscious tendencies. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/30/10747
Rey A, Goldstein RM, Perruchet P. 2008. Does unconscious thought improve complex decision making? Psychol Res. 2008 Jul 15. [Epub ahead of print]. In a recent study, Dijksterhuis et al. (Science 311:1005, 2006) reported that participants were better at solving complex decisions after a period of unconscious thought relative to a period of conscious thought. They interpreted their results as an existence proof of powerful unconscious deliberation mechanisms. In the present report, we used a similar experimental design with an additional control, immediate condition, and we observed that participants produced as good (and even descriptively better) decisions in this condition than in the "unconscious" one, hence challenging the initial interpretation of the authors. However, we still obtained lower performances in the "conscious" relative to the "immediate" condition, suggesting that the initial result of Dijksterhuis et al. was not due to the action of powerful unconscious thought processes, but to the apparent disadvantage of further conscious processing. We provide an explanation for this observation on the basis of current models of decision making. It is finally concluded that the benefit of unconscious thought in complex decision making is still a controversial issue that should be considered cautiously. http://www.springerlink.com/cont ... 72106/fulltext.html
[ 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-8-24 05:58 PM 编辑 ] |
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发表于 2008-8-24 07:58 PM
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